chromatography, tseem hu ua "chromatographic tsom xam", "chromatography", yog ib qho kev sib cais thiab kev tsom xam, uas muaj ntau yam kev siv hauv analytical chemistry, organic chemistry, biochemistry thiab lwm yam.
Tus tsim ntawm chromatography yog ib tug Lavxias teb sab botanist M.Tsvetter.Xyoo 1906, Lavxias teb sab botanist Zvetter tau luam tawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm nws qhov kev sim: Txhawm rau cais cov xim cog, nws tau nchuav roj av ether extract uas muaj cov xim cog rau hauv lub khob iav uas muaj calcium carbonate hmoov thiab eluted nrog roj av ether los ntawm sab saum toj mus rau hauv qab.Vim tias cov pigments sib txawv muaj peev xwm adsorption sib txawv ntawm qhov chaw ntawm calcium carbonate, nrog cov txheej txheem ntawm leaching, cov pigments sib txawv txav mus rau ntawm qhov sib txawv ceev, yog li tsim cov xim sib txawv.Cov xim xim tau muab cais tawm.Nws hu ua txoj kev sib cais chromatography.
Schematic sawv cev ntawm cov nroj tsuag nplooj pigment sib cais sim
Nrog kev txhim kho txuas ntxiv ntawm txoj kev sib cais, ntau thiab ntau cov xim tsis muaj xim dhau los ua cov khoom ntawm kev sib cais, chromatography kuj maj mam poob lub ntsiab lus ntawm "xim", tab sis lub npe tseem siv niaj hnub no.
Chromatographic kev faib tawm
Lub ntsiab lus ntawm chromatography yog txheej txheem uas cov molecules yuav tsum tau muab cais tawm thiab sib npaug ntawm cov theem nyob ruaj khov thiab theem mobile.Cov khoom sib txawv tau muab faib ua qhov sib txawv ntawm ob theem, uas ua rau lawv txav ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv nrog rau theem mobile.Nrog rau kev txav ntawm cov theem ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm tes, cov khoom sib txawv hauv qhov sib xyaw yog sib cais los ntawm ib leeg ntawm cov theem nyob ruaj khov.Nyob ntawm cov txheej txheem, nws tuaj yeem muab faib ua ntau pawg.
1, raws li ob-theem lub cev lub xeev kev faib tawm
Mobile theem: Gas chromatography, kua chromatography, supercritical kua chromatography
Nyob ruaj ruaj theem: roj-khoom, roj-kua;Ua kua-kua, kua-kua
2, raws li daim ntawv ntawm kev faib tawm theem nyob ruaj khov
Kem chromatography: ntim kem chromatography, capillary kem chromatography, micropacked kem chromatography, npaj chromatography
Plane chromatography: ntawv chromatography, nyias txheej chromatography, polymer membrane chromatography
3, cais raws li kev sib cais mechanism
Adsorption chromatography: Cov khoom sib txawv tau sib cais raws li lawv cov adsorption thiab desorption muaj peev xwm ntawm adsorbents
Partition chromatography: Cov khoom sib txawv yog sib cais raws li lawv cov solubility hauv cov kuab tshuaj
Molecular exclusion chromatography: Raws li qhov loj me ntawm molecular loj ntawm kev sib cais ln ion txauv chromatography: sib txawv Cheebtsam ntawm affinity rau ion-exchange resin sib cais
Affinity chromatography: Kev sib cais siv qhov muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov macromolecules lom.
Capillary electrophoresis: cov khoom sib cais raws li qhov sib txawv ntawm kev txav mus los thiab / lossis kev faib tus cwj pwm
Chiral chromatography yog siv rau kev sib cais thiab kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov tshuaj chiral, uas tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb pawg: chiral derivatization reagent txoj kev;Chiral mobile theem additive txoj kev;Chiral nyob ruaj ruaj theem daws teeb meem txoj kev
Basic terminology rau chromatography
Cov nkhaus tau los ntawm kev npaj cov lus teb cov cim ntawm cov khoom tom qab tshawb pom ntawm chromatographic sib cais tawm tsam lub sijhawm hu ua chromatograms.
Lub hauv paus:Nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob chromatographic, qhov nkhaus ntawm lub teeb liab generated thaum tsuas yog lub xov tooj ntawm tes kis tau los ntawm lub detector system hu ua lub hauv paus, raws li qhia nyob rau hauv lub ot kab.Thaum qhov kev sim ntsuas tau ruaj khov, cov kab hauv qab yog ib txoj kab sib npaug mus rau kab rov tav axis.Lub hauv paus qhia txog lub suab nrov ntawm lub cuab yeej, feem ntau yog tus ntes, dhau sijhawm.
Peak qhov siab:qhov ntsug nrug nruab nrab ntawm lub chromatographic ncov point thiab lub hauv paus, denoted los ntawm h, raws li qhia nyob rau hauv AB 'kab.
Thaj tsam dav:Lub cheeb tsam dav ntawm chromatographic ncov yog ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau kev sib cais efficiency.Muaj peb txoj hauv kev los piav qhia txog chromatographic ncov dav: tus qauv sib txawv σ, ncov dav W, thiab FWHM W1/2.
Standard sib txawv (σ):σ yog ib nrab ntawm qhov kev ncua deb ntawm ob lub ntsiab lus inflection ntawm qhov ib txwm faib nkhaus, thiab tus nqi ntawm σ qhia txog qib ntawm kev tawg ntawm cov khoom tawm ntawm kab.Qhov loj dua tus nqi ntawm σ, qhov ntau dispersed cov effluent Cheebtsam, thiab qhov phem qhov sib cais nyhuv.Conversely, cov effluent Cheebtsam yog concentrated thiab cov nyhuv sib cais yog zoo.
Peak dav W:Cov ntsiab lus kev sib tshuam ntawm ob sab ntawm chromatographic ncov yog siv los ua tangent kab, thiab qhov cuam tshuam ntawm lub hauv paus yog hu ua peak width, lossis baseline width, uas tuaj yeem hais tau ua W, raws li qhia hauv daim duab IJ.Raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev faib tawm ib txwm muaj, kev sib raug zoo ntawm qhov dav dav thiab tus qauv sib txawv tuaj yeem ua pov thawj tias W = 4σ.
W 1/2:Lub ncov dav ntawm ib nrab ntawm qhov siab siab yog hu ua FWHM, raws li qhia rau qhov kev ncua deb ntawm GH.W1/2 = 2.355σ, W = 1.699W1/2.
W1/2, W yog ob qho tib si muab los ntawm σ thiab yog siv los xam cov cheeb tsam ncov ntxiv rau kev ntsuas cov kab ke.Kev ntsuas FWHM yog qhov yooj yim dua thiab feem ntau siv.
Cov ntsiab lus luv luv
Los ntawm chromatographic peak outflow nkhaus, cov hom phiaj hauv qab no tuaj yeem ua tiav:
a, Kev soj ntsuam zoo tau ua raws li tus nqi khaws cia ntawm chromatographic peaks
b, kev soj ntsuam kom muaj nuj nqis raws li thaj chaw lossis lub ncov ntawm chromatographic ncov
C. Kev sib cais ua haujlwm ntawm kem tau soj ntsuam raws li tus nqi khaws cia thiab qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm chromatographic ncov
Cov mis laij lej suav nrog hauv chromatography
1. Tus nqi khaws cia
Tus nqi khaws cia yog qhov ntsuas uas siv los piav qhia txog qib uas ib qho piv txwv tau khaws cia rau hauv kem thiab siv los ua qhov taw qhia ntawm chromatographic characterization.Nws txoj kev sawv cev yog raws li nram no:
Lub sijhawm khaws cia tR
Lub sij hawm tuagtM
Kho lub sijhawm khaws cia tR'= tR-tM
(Tag nrho lub sij hawm siv nyob rau hauv qhov chaw nres tsheb)
Qhov ntim ntawm khaws cia
VR = tR*F.(Independent ntawm mobile theem tshaj tawm)
Tuag ntim
VM=tM*Fc
(Qhov chaw tsis nyob ntawm qhov chaw nyob ruaj khov nyob rau hauv txoj kev ntws los ntawm lub tshuab nqus tsev mus rau lub ntes)
Kho qhov ntim ntim VR'= t'R* Fc
2. Tus txheeb ze tuav tus nqi
Tus txheeb ze tuav tus nqi, tseem hu ua kev sib cais, sib faib coefficient piv lossis tus txheeb ze muaj peev xwm, yog qhov piv ntawm qhov hloov kho lub sij hawm (ntim) ntawm cov khoom kuaj rau lub sij hawm khaws cia (ntim) ntawm tus qauv nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob chromatographic.
Cov txheeb ze khaws cia qhov tseem ceeb tau siv los tshem tawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm qee yam kev ua haujlwm, xws li tus nqi ntws thiab kev poob qis, ntawm qhov tseem ceeb khaws cia.Tus txheej txheem nyob rau hauv tus txheeb ze tuav tus nqi yuav yog ib feem nyob rau hauv cov qauv kuaj los yog ib tug compound ntxiv artificially.
3. Kev tuav pov hwm
Qhov ntsuas kev tuav pov hwm yog qhov khaws cia qhov ntsuas ntawm cov khoom kuv yuav tsum tau sim hauv cov tshuaj ruaj khov X. Ob lub n-alanes raug xaiv los ua cov khoom siv, ib qho muaj N carbon tooj thiab lwm qhov muaj N + n.Lawv hloov kho lub sijhawm khaws cia yog t 'r (N) thiab t 'r (N + n), feem, yog li ntawd lub sijhawm khaws cia kho tau t' r (i) ntawm cov khoom kuv yuav tsum tau kuaj yog raws nraim ntawm lawv, uas yog, t'r (N).
Qhov ntsuas qhov tuav tau tuaj yeem suav tau raws li hauv qab no.
4. Peev xwm (k)
Ntawm qhov sib npaug, qhov sib piv ntawm qhov loj ntawm cov khoom siv nyob rau hauv qhov chaw nres tsheb (s) mus rau theem mobile (m), hu ua qhov muaj peev xwm.Cov mis yog raws li nram no:
5 、 Muab faib coefficient (K) Nyob rau hauv qhov sib npaug, qhov sib piv ntawm cov concentration ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv cov theem nyob ruaj khov (s) mus rau theem mobile (m), hu ua partition coefficient.Cov mis yog raws li nram no
Kev sib raug zoo ntawm K thiab k:
Nws qhia txog kab hom thiab nws cov pob txha tseem ceeb ntawm cov qauv
Cov ntsiab lus luv luv
Kev sib raug zoo ntawm tus nqi tuav thiab qhov muaj peev xwm thiab muab faib coefficient:
Kev sib cais ntawm chromatographic yog nyob ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov adsorption lossis kev sib cais muaj peev xwm ntawm txhua yam khoom hauv cov qauv txheeb ze, uas tuaj yeem ua kom muaj nuj nqis los ntawm qhov loj ntawm qhov sib faib coefficient K (lossis muaj peev xwm k) tus nqi.
Cov khoom uas muaj zog adsorption lossis dissolution muaj peev xwm muaj qhov sib faib loj (lossis muaj peev xwm ua tau) thiab lub sijhawm khaws cia ntev.Hloov pauv, cov khoom uas tsis muaj zog adsorption lossis solubility muaj qhov sib faib me me thiab lub sijhawm khaws cia luv luv.
Basic kev tshawb xav ntawm chromatography
1. Lub tais txoj kev xav
(1) Muab tso rau hauv - thermodynamic txoj kev xav
Nws pib nrog tus pej thuam phaj qauv npaj los ntawm Martin thiab Synge.
Fractionating kem: nyob rau hauv lub tais rau ob peb zaug ntawm roj-kua equilibrium, raws li lub boiling point ntawm qhov sib txawv.
Kem: Cov khoom sib npaug yog sib npaug los ntawm ntau qhov sib faib ntawm ob theem thiab sib cais raws li qhov sib txawv sib txawv coefficients.
(2) Hypothesis
(1) Muaj ntau lub tais hauv kem, thiab cov khoom tuaj yeem ncav cuag qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov sib npaug ntawm lub phaj (uas yog, qhov siab ntawm lub tais).
(2) Lub sijhawm txawb nkag mus rau hauv kem, tsis tu ncua tab sis pulsating, uas yog, txhua nqe lus yog ib kem ntim.
(3) Thaum cov qauv raug ntxiv rau txhua daim phaj, qhov sib txawv ntawm cov qauv raws kab ke yuav raug tsis saib xyuas.
(4) Qhov sib faib coefficient yog sib npaug ntawm txhua lub tais, ywj siab ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov khoom.Ntawd yog, qhov sib faib coefficient yog tas li ntawm txhua tab.
(3) Txoj Cai
Schematic daim duab ntawm lub tais txoj kev xav
Yog hais tias ib feem ntawm chav tsev loj, xws li m = 1 (piv txwv li, 1mg lossis 1μg), yog ntxiv rau lub tais No.
Thaum lub phaj ntim (lΔV) ntawm cov cab cab nkag mus rau phaj 0 hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub tshuab nqus tsev, cov pa roj carbon monoxide uas muaj cov nm tivthaiv hauv cov roj theem yog thawb mus rau phaj 1. Lub sijhawm no, ns tivthaiv hauv cov kua theem ntawm phaj 0. thiab cov nm tivthaiv nyob rau hauv cov roj theem ntawm phaj 1 yuav muab faib rov qab ntawm ob theem.Yog li ntawd, tag nrho cov khoom muaj nyob rau hauv phaj 0 yog 0.5, nyob rau hauv uas cov pa roj thiab kua theem yog txhua 0.25, thiab tag nrho cov nyiaj muaj nyob rau hauv phaj 1 kuj yog 0.5.Cov theem roj thiab kua kuj tseem 0.25.
Cov txheej txheem no rov ua dua txhua zaus lub phaj tshiab ntim cov pa roj tawm mus rau hauv kem (saib cov lus hauv qab).
(4) Chromatographic outflow nkhaus sib npaug
σ yog tus qauv sib txawv, yog lub sijhawm khaws cia, C yog qhov concentration ntawm txhua lub sijhawm,
C, yog qhov kev txhaj tshuaj concentration, uas yog, tag nrho cov khoom xyaw (nruab nrab A).
(5) kem efficiency parameters
Ntawm qhov tR tas li, qhov me me W lossis w 1/2 (uas yog, lub ncov nqaim), qhov loj ntawm cov phaj theoretical n, qhov me dua qhov siab ntawm cov phaj siab, thiab qhov siab dua qhov kev sib cais ntawm kem.Ib yam yog qhov tseeb ntawm txoj kev xav zoo tray neff.Yog li, tus lej theoretical ntawm cov tais yog qhov ntsuas los ntsuas qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov kab.
(5) Cov yam ntxwv thiab qhov tsis zoo
> Qhov zoo
Lub tais txoj kev xav yog semi-empirical thiab piav qhia cov duab ntawm qhov nkhaus tawm
Cov txheej txheem muab faib thiab kev sib cais ntawm cov khoom tau piav qhia
Ib qho kev ntsuas los ntsuas qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kab yog npaj
> Cov kev txwv
Cov khoom tsis tuaj yeem ncav cuag qhov sib npaug sib npaug hauv ob theem:
Longitudinal diffusion ntawm cov khoom hauv kab tsis tuaj yeem tsis quav ntsej:
Kev cuam tshuam ntawm ntau yam kinetic yam ntawm cov txheej txheem hloov pauv loj tsis tau txiav txim siab.
Kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov nyhuv ntawm kab thiab ntws nrawm ntawm theem mobile tsis tuaj yeem piav qhia:
Nws tsis paub meej tias dab tsi tseem ceeb cuam tshuam rau kab lus
Cov teeb meem no tau daws tau zoo nyob rau hauv tus nqi txoj kev xav.
2. Rate theory
Xyoo 1956, Dutch kws tshawb fawb VanDeemter li al.absorbed lub tswv yim ntawm lub tais txoj kev xav, thiab ua ke cov kinetic yam cuam tshuam rau qhov siab ntawm lub tais, muab tso rau pem hauv ntej kinetic txoj kev xav ntawm chromatographic txheej txheem - tus nqi txoj kev xav, thiab muab los ntawm VanDeemter sib npaug.Nws hais txog cov txheej txheem chromatographic raws li cov txheej txheem dynamic tsis sib npaug thiab kawm txog kev cuam tshuam ntawm kinetic yam ntawm lub ncov dav dav (piv txwv li, kab nyhuv).
Tom qab ntawd, Giddings thiab Snyder li al.npaj cov kua chromatography tus nqi sib npaug (xws li Giddings kab zauv) raws li VanDeemter kab zauv (tom qab hu ua gas chromatography tus nqi sib npaug) thiab raws li cov khoom sib txawv ntawm cov kua thiab roj.
(1) Van Deemter equation
Qhov twg: H: yog qhov siab ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm
A: Coefficient ntawm eddy diffusion lub sij hawm
B: coefficient ntawm molecular diffusion lub sij hawm
C: coefficient ntawm huab hwm coj hloov tsis kam lub sij hawm
(2) Kev sib npaug sib npaug
Quantitative thiab qualitative tsom xam
(1) Kev soj ntsuam zoo
Kev soj ntsuam zoo chromatographic yog los txiav txim siab cov tebchaw uas sawv cev los ntawm txhua qhov chromatographic ncov.Txij li ntau yam khoom muaj qhov tseem ceeb khaws cia nyob rau hauv qee yam kev mob chromatographic, tus nqi khaws cia tuaj yeem siv los ua qhov ntsuas tau zoo.Ntau yam chromatographic qualitative txoj kev yog tam sim no raws li qhov tseem ceeb tuav.
Txawm li cas los xij, cov khoom sib txawv yuav muaj qhov zoo sib xws lossis zoo ib yam khaws cia nyob rau hauv tib lub chromatographic tej yam kev mob, uas yog, qhov tseem ceeb tuav tsis yog tshwj xeeb.Yog li nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau tus cwj pwm tsis paub tag nrho raws li qhov tseem ceeb khaws cia ib leeg.Yog hais tias nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm kev nkag siab lub hauv paus, xwm thiab lub hom phiaj ntawm tus qauv, kev txiav txim ua ntej ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov qauv yuav ua tau, thiab cov hauv qab no yuav siv tau los txiav txim lub compound sawv cev los ntawm lub chromatographic ncov.
1. Kev tswj xyuas zoo siv cov tshuaj ntshiab
Nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob chromatographic, ib qho tsis paub tsuas muaj lub sijhawm khaws cia.Yog li, qhov tsis paub yuav raug txheeb xyuas tau zoo los ntawm kev sib piv lub sijhawm khaws cia ntawm cov khoom ntshiab uas paub zoo nyob rau hauv tib lub sijhawm chromatographic nrog lub sijhawm tuav ntawm cov khoom tsis paub.Yog tias ob qho tib si, cov khoom tsis paub yuav yog cov khoom ntshiab paub;Txwv tsis pub, qhov tsis paub tsis yog cov khoom ntshiab.
Txoj kev tswj cov tshuaj dawb huv tsuas yog siv tau rau cov khoom tsis paub uas nws muaj pes tsawg leeg tau paub, nws muaj pes tsawg leeg yog qhov yooj yim, thiab nws cov tshuaj ntshiab yog paub.
2. Tus txheeb ze tuav tus nqi txoj kev
Tus nqi tuav pov hwm txheeb ze α, yog hais txog kev hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom siv i thiab cov ntaub ntawv siv piv txwv ntawm qhov tseem ceeb tuav:
Nws tsuas yog hloov pauv nrog kev hloov pauv ntawm fixative thiab kem kub, thiab tsis muaj dab tsi ua rau lwm yam kev khiav hauj lwm.
Ntawm ib qho chaw nyob ruaj khov thiab kab ke kub, qhov hloov kho qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv i thiab cov khoom siv siv s raug ntsuas raws, thiab tom qab ntawd xam raws li cov qauv saum toj no.Cov txiaj ntsig tau txais kev tuav pov hwm muaj txiaj ntsig tuaj yeem muab piv nrog cov txiaj ntsig sib xws hauv cov ntaub ntawv.
3, ntxiv cov khoom paub los ua kom cov txheej txheem siab tshaj plaws
Thaum muaj ntau yam khoom nyob rau hauv cov qauv tsis paub, qhov tau txais chromatographic peaks yog tuab heev kom yooj yim txheeb xyuas los ntawm cov txheej txheem saum toj no, los yog thaum cov qauv tsis paub tsuas yog siv rau cov khoom teev tseg.
"Thawj ib chromatogram ntawm ib qho piv txwv tsis paub yog ua, thiab tom qab ntawd ntxiv chromatogram yog tau los ntawm kev ntxiv cov khoom paub rau cov qauv tsis paub."Cheebtsam nrog nce siab siab tuaj yeem paub txog cov khoom zoo li no.
4. Khaws cov txheej txheem zoo ntawm qhov ntsuas
Qhov ntsuas kev tuav pov hwm sawv cev rau kev tuav tus cwj pwm ntawm cov khoom ntawm fixatives thiab tam sim no yog qhov siv dav tshaj plaws thiab thoob ntiaj teb lees paub qhov zoo ntawm GC.Nws muaj qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom tsim tau zoo, cov qauv sib xws thiab cov coefficient kub me me.
Qhov kev tuav pov hwm tsuas yog cuam tshuam nrog cov khoom ntawm cov theem nyob ruaj khov thiab kab ke kub, tab sis tsis yog rau lwm yam kev sim.Nws qhov tseeb thiab kev rov ua dua tshiab yog qhov zoo heev.Ntev npaum li cov kab ke kub zoo ib yam li cov theem nyob ruaj khov, cov ntaub ntawv muaj txiaj ntsig tuaj yeem siv rau kev txheeb xyuas, thiab tsis tas yuav siv cov khoom ntshiab rau kev sib piv.
(2) Kev ntsuas ntau
Lub hauv paus rau chromatographic quantification:
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev txheeb xyuas qhov ntau yog txhawm rau nrhiav pua pua ntawm cov khoom hauv cov qauv sib xyaw
Fractional cov ntsiab lus.Chromatographic quantification yog raws li nram no: thaum kev khiav hauj lwm tej yam kev mob zoo ib yam, yog
Qhov loj (los yog concentration) ntawm cov ntsuas ntsuas yog txiav txim siab los ntawm cov lus teb teeb liab muab los ntawm tus ntes
Nws yog proportional.Xws li:
Lub hauv paus rau chromatographic quantification:
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev txheeb xyuas qhov ntau yog txhawm rau nrhiav pua pua ntawm cov khoom hauv cov qauv sib xyaw
Fractional cov ntsiab lus.Chromatographic quantification yog raws li nram no: thaum kev khiav hauj lwm tej yam kev mob zoo ib yam, yog
Qhov loj (los yog concentration) ntawm cov ntsuas ntsuas yog txiav txim siab los ntawm cov lus teb teeb liab muab los ntawm tus ntes
Nws yog proportional.Xws li:
1. Peak cheeb tsam txoj kev ntsuas
Peak cheeb tsam yog cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb uas tau muab los ntawm chromatograms, thiab qhov tseeb ntawm qhov ntsuas thaj tsam siab ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau cov txiaj ntsig ntau.Cov kev ntsuas sib txawv tau siv rau chromatographic peaks nrog cov duab ncov sib txawv.
Nws yog qhov nyuaj los nrhiav tus nqi tseeb ntawm lub caij ntuj no hauv kev txheeb xyuas ntau:
Ntawm ib sab tes vim yog qhov nyuaj ntawm kev ntsuas qhov tseeb ntawm qhov txhaj tshuaj tag nrho: ntawm qhov tod tes
Qhov chaw siab tshaj yog nyob ntawm cov xwm txheej chromatographic, thiab chromatographic strip yuav tsum tau tswj xyuas thaum ntsuas tus nqi.
Nws tsis tuaj yeem ua tau lossis yooj yim ua ib yam nkaus.Thiab txawm tias koj tuaj yeem tau txais nws txoj cai
Tus nqi tseeb, kuj vim tias tsis muaj kev sib koom ua ke thiab tsis tuaj yeem siv ncaj qha.
2.Quantitative kho yam
Lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev kho kom muaj nuj nqis: tus nqi ntawm cov khoom nkag mus rau hauv lub ntes (m)
Qhov piv ntawm nws cov chromatographic ncov cheeb tsam (A) lossis qhov siab siab siab () yog qhov proportionality tas li (,
Qhov proportionality tas mus li yog hu ua qhov kho qhov tseeb rau cov khoom.
Nws yog qhov nyuaj los nrhiav tus nqi tseeb ntawm lub caij ntuj no hauv kev txheeb xyuas ntau:
Ntawm ib sab tes vim yog qhov nyuaj ntawm kev ntsuas qhov tseeb ntawm qhov txhaj tshuaj tag nrho: ntawm qhov tod tes
Qhov chaw siab tshaj yog nyob ntawm cov xwm txheej chromatographic, thiab chromatographic strip yuav tsum tau tswj xyuas thaum ntsuas tus nqi.
Nws tsis tuaj yeem ua tau lossis yooj yim ua ib yam nkaus.Thiab txawm tias koj tuaj yeem tau txais nws txoj cai
Tus nqi tseeb, kuj vim tias tsis muaj kev sib koom ua ke thiab tsis tuaj yeem siv ncaj qha.
Ntawd yog, tus txheeb ze kho qhov tseem ceeb 'ntawm ib qho khoom siv yog cov khoom siv thiab cov ntaub ntawv siv s
Qhov piv ntawm qhov tseeb kho yam tseem ceeb.
Nws tuaj yeem pom tias tus txheeb ze kho qhov tseem ceeb yog thaum qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom tiv thaiv piv rau tus qauv.
Thaum cov khoom s sib npaug, qhov chaw siab tshaj ntawm cov khoom siv yog qhov chaw siab tshaj ntawm cov khoom
Ntau.Yog hais tias ib co tivthaiv muaj loj m thiab ncov cheeb tsam A, ces tus naj npawb ntawm f'A
Qhov tseem ceeb yog sib npaug rau qhov chaw siab tshaj ntawm cov khoom siv siv nrog qhov loj ntawm.Hauv lwm lo lus,
Los ntawm qhov txheeb ze kho qhov zoo, qhov chaw siab tshaj ntawm txhua qhov tuaj yeem sib cais
Hloov mus rau qhov chaw siab tshaj ntawm cov khoom siv sib npaug rau nws qhov loj, ces qhov piv
Tus qauv yog sib koom ua ke.Yog li qhov no yog txoj hauv kev normalized los txheeb xyuas qhov feem pua ntawm txhua feem
Lub hauv paus ntawm kom muaj nuj nqis.
Txoj kev tau txais tus txheeb ze kho qhov tseem ceeb: txheeb ze kho qhov tseem ceeb tsuas yog muab piv nrog ua
Kev ntsuas yog cuam tshuam nrog tus qauv thiab hom kev ntsuas, tab sis rau kev ua haujlwm sawb
Tsis muaj teeb meem.Yog li ntawd, qhov tseem ceeb tuaj yeem rov qab tau los ntawm kev siv hauv cov ntaub ntawv.Yog cov ntawv
Yog tias koj nrhiav tsis tau tus nqi uas xav tau hauv qhov muab, koj tuaj yeem txiav txim siab nws ntawm koj tus kheej.Txoj kev txiav txim siab
Txoj kev: Ib qho nyiaj ntawm cov khoom ntsuas kaum xaiv cov khoom siv → ua rau hauv ib qho concentration
Cov chromatographic ncov cheeb tsam A thiab Raws li ntawm ob lub ntsiab lus tau ntsuas.
Qhov ntawd yog tus qauv.
3. Kev suav lej
(1) Txoj kev normalization ntawm cheeb tsam
Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm tag nrho cov ntsiab lus tsis pub tshaj yog suav tias yog 100% rau kev ntsuas
Txoj kev hu ua normalization.Nws cov mis laij lej yog raws li nram no:
Qhov twg P,% yog cov ntsiab lus feem pua ntawm cov khoom kuaj;A1, A2... A n yog tivthaiv 1.Lub ncov cheeb tsam ntawm 1 ~ n;f'1, f'2... f'n yog tus txheeb ze kho qhov tseem ceeb rau cov khoom 1 rau n.
(2) txheej txheem sab nraud
Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib piv ntau ntawm cov lus teb teeb liab ntawm cov khoom siv los kuaj hauv cov qauv thiab cov khoom siv ntshiab yuav tsum tau kuaj raws li kev tswj hwm.
(3) Cov txheej txheem sab hauv
Cov txheej txheem hu ua tus txheej txheem sab hauv yog ib txoj hauv kev uas qee yam ntawm cov khoom ntshiab yog ntxiv rau cov qauv kev daws teeb meem ntawm cov tshuaj ntsuam xyuas thiab cov qauv kev daws teeb meem raws li tus qauv sab hauv, thiab tom qab ntawd txheeb xyuas thiab txiav txim siab.
(3) txheej txheem ntxiv
Tus txheej txheem ntxiv, tseem hu ua txoj kev sib ntxiv sab hauv, yog ntxiv ib qho nyiaj ntawm (△C)
Qhov kev siv ntawm cov tshuaj ntsuam xyuas tau muab ntxiv rau cov qauv kev daws teeb meem los kuaj, thiab qhov ntsuas tau ntxiv rau qhov ntsuas
Lub ncov ntawm cov qauv kev daws teeb meem tom qab cov khoom yog siab dua li ntawm cov qauv kev daws teeb meem
Qhov nce ntawm cheeb tsam (△A) tau siv los xam qhov concentration ntawm cov khoom hauv cov qauv tov
Cov ntsiab lus (Cx)
Qhov twg Ax yog qhov chaw siab tshaj ntawm cov khoom yuav tsum tau ntsuas hauv cov qauv qub.
Post lub sij hawm: Mar-27-2023